{"id":724,"date":"2023-12-08T09:21:39","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T09:21:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/annualreports.healthsciences.arizona.edu\/?post_type=story&p=724"},"modified":"2023-12-18T03:53:01","modified_gmt":"2023-12-18T03:53:01","slug":"aging-lymph-nodes-seeking-a-solution-for-weakened-immune-systems","status":"publish","type":"story","link":"https:\/\/annualreports.healthsciences.arizona.edu\/2023\/story\/aging-lymph-nodes-seeking-a-solution-for-weakened-immune-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Lymph nodes: Seeking a solution for weakened immune systems"},"content":{"rendered":"

The findings of the study, led by Janko Nikolich, MD, PhD<\/strong>, head of the UArizona College of Medicine \u2013 Tucson<\/a>\u2019s Department of Immunobiology<\/a>, co-director of the Arizona Center on Aging<\/a> and director of the Aegis Consortium<\/a>, suggest that lymph nodes, which are critical for maintaining and revving up the immune response during infection, age at different rates. Lymph nodes closer to the skin deteriorate two to three times more quickly than those deeper in the body.<\/p>\n

The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, helps explain the immune system\u2019s response to skin infections and even skin cancers. This also is likely the reason for a weaker immune response to vaccinations delivered through the skin in older adults.<\/p>\n

The immune system\u2019s army<\/h3>\n

White blood cells, specifically T cells, are the soldiers of the immune system. T cells are made by the thymus, a gland that sits below the chest bone and above the heart. The thymus quickly reduces T cell production over the human lifespan. By puberty, T cell production is 10% of what it was at birth. By the age of 40 or 50, it drops to only 1%.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s not strong enough to generate enough new T cells,\u201d said Nikolich, a member of the university\u2019s BIO5 Institute<\/a>. \u201cIf your body is not generating something, then it better be maintaining very well.\u201d<\/p>\n

T cell maintenance takes place predominantly in the lymph nodes, which serve two main functions. The first is to keep T cells healthy and alive for as long as possible \u2013 often decades in humans. The second is to trigger an immune response during infection.<\/p>\n

\u201cHumans have about 450 lymph nodes,\u201d Nikolich said. \u201cThese are like the barracks were little T cell soldiers go for shelter, sustenance and recovery.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is in the lymph nodes that the immune system first sizes up its enemy. This is important because humans don’t have a large enough standing army that can deal with all infections.<\/p>\n

\u201cInstead, we have relatively few soldiers that are well trained to deal with specific infections,\u201d he said. \u201cThe unit that deals with influenza is different than the unit that deals with coronavirus.\u201d<\/p>\n

During infection, the white blood cells specialized to fight divide rapidly in lymph nodes. One cell can generate a million others. They travel to the infection site quickly by using lymph nodes as a superhighway of sorts. This network of lymph nodes is what deteriorates at different rates, the research team discovered.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Janko Nikolich, MD, PhD, researches ways to keep the immune system operating at its peak and prevent the declines that often accompany aging.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Broken barracks<\/h3>\n

Nikolich and the team were able to tag and track T cells produced in the thymus of both old and young mice and compare the paths T cells took throughout the body. They found that while production was low in older animals, the thymus was still producing some T cells. The problem was those cells weren\u2019t getting to the lymph nodes.<\/p>\n

Next, they tried to help the thymus generate additional white blood cells to boost the immune response. Even when that succeeded, they observed the same behavior \u2013 too few T cells were getting into the lymph nodes.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese cells did not land where their supposed to go, and that’s why we started investigating lymph nodes as a potential reason for the immune deficiency we find in older people,\u201d he said. \u201cWe found that this whole infrastructure that makes up the barracks \u2013 the lymph nodes \u2013 was destroyed.\u201d<\/p>\n

In fact, the cells that landed in the lymph nodes closer to the skin in older animals moved as if they had to get out quickly. Nikolich thinks this might be because the lymph nodes weren’t providing the nutrients and maintenance needed.<\/p>\n

They also found that the connections between the cells that maintain T cells and make up the lymph node superhighways were severely reduced.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was as if the lymph node cells themselves were unwell, so they were no longer contacting one another,\u201d he said. \u201cThis finding is consistent with what other people have described before \u2013 that T cells migrate with a certain speed and move around in a directional manner. But in older lymph nodes specifically, they look quite disorganized and move much slower.\u201d<\/p>\n

Implications for vaccination and intervention<\/h3>\n

The findings move researchers a step closer to being able to understand the weakened immune response to vaccination in older adults.<\/p>\n

Whenever a vaccine is given, a lymph node is going to be involved, Nikolich says. Yet most vaccines cannot jump start older immune systems as effectively as younger ones, which is a problem for developing protection.<\/p>\n

But there is hope. Nikolich stressed that the immune system, similarly to a muscle, can be restrengthened and treatments can intervene. It could also pave the way for new treatments for cancer.<\/p>\n

\u201c85% of cancer occurs in people over 50 years old,\u201d Nikolich said. \u201cThe principles of the immune system are the same, so if we can help the lymph nodes get better at combating infection, then we will also benefit immunotherapy for cancer.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1276,"parent":0,"template":"","college":[],"uahs_theme":[14],"class_list":["post-724","story","type-story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","uahs_theme-innovations-in-healthy-aging"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLymph nodes: Seeking a solution for weakened immune systems - University of Arizona Health Sciences Annual Impact Report 2024<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/annualreports.healthsciences.arizona.edu\/2023\/story\/aging-lymph-nodes-seeking-a-solution-for-weakened-immune-systems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lymph nodes: Seeking a solution for weakened immune systems - 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